摘要:小額信貸（microfinance）也稱微型金融，它定位的客戶目標(biāo)群是那些無法提供擔(dān)保或者抵押品而被排斥在正規(guī)金融機(jī)構(gòu)服務(wù)之外的窮人。小額信貸發(fā)源于世界上最窮的國家之一－孟加拉，1970年以來以經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展消除貧困為目的的小額信貸已經(jīng)在全球范圍內(nèi)得到很大發(fā)展，并在一些發(fā)展中國家取得矚目的成就。改革開放以來我國的金融業(yè)得到很大的發(fā)展，但這種發(fā)展是不平衡的，我國的農(nóng)村金融發(fā)展水平落后于城市金融。我國農(nóng)村金融的主要問題表現(xiàn)為農(nóng)村金融基礎(chǔ)薄弱和資金配置效率低下。

　　　文章通過對我國農(nóng)村金融的現(xiàn)狀與孟加拉和印度尼西亞小額信貸的經(jīng)驗對比分析，指出我國農(nóng)村金融存在的問題的主要原因是我國農(nóng)村金融體制設(shè)置的不合理以及政策缺失，并指出解決農(nóng)村金融問題的關(guān)鍵在于金融創(chuàng)新。文章以理論和數(shù)據(jù)為證據(jù)進(jìn)行論證，力求為解決中國農(nóng)村金融問題提供有益的思路。

關(guān)鍵詞: 小額信貸；農(nóng)村金融改革； 地下金融

Abstract:The microfinance also called miniature finance; Microfinance locates its Goal customer on the poor persons which unable provide the guarantee and cannot get the service of the regular finance. The microfinance originates from Bangladesh which is the poorest country in the world. From 1970s the microfinance has obtained a very big global development which focuses attention on eliminating impoverishment by Economical development, and the microfinance makes great achievement in some developing nations. With the reform and opening policy our country financial industry has obtained an outstanding development, but this kind of development is not balanced, the level of our rural financial development lags behind the city finance. At present the mainly existence problem in our country rural finance are: The rural finance foundation is weak, and the fund scheme efficiency is low. 

Through the contrastive analysis between the situation of our present rural finance and the microfinance experience of Bengal and Indonesia, this article points out the main causes of our rural finance problem : the illogical financial system establishment along with the inefficiently policy； Moreover, this paper points out the key to solve the rural finance problem lies in the financial innovation. Illustrate the argument with correlative theories and data, the article makes every effort to provide a beneficial idea to solve the China rural finance problem.

Key Words：Rural finance reform; Microfinance; Underground finance

　　　改革開放以來，我國的城市商業(yè)銀行發(fā)展迅速，但農(nóng)村金融系統(tǒng)的改革卻一直沒有成效。我國正規(guī)國有金融部門的服務(wù)大部分面向城市和國有企業(yè)，但對于農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的金融需求卻未能及時給予滿足。相對發(fā)達(dá)的城市金融，中國農(nóng)村金融服務(wù)業(yè)太薄弱，供給遠(yuǎn)不及需求。造成農(nóng)村金融服務(wù)供給薄弱局面的原因是多方面的，既有農(nóng)村金融系統(tǒng)本身的原因，也有外在的因素。因為農(nóng)業(yè)本身具有產(chǎn)生的收入的不確定性、投資的長期性、低收益性和生產(chǎn)的分散性等特性，所以農(nóng)村金融的交易成本和資金使用成本往往較高。由于我國實行統(tǒng)一的低利率政策，正規(guī)國有商業(yè)性金融機(jī)構(gòu)一般不愿意涉足農(nóng)村金融市場。正是由于正規(guī)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的缺失，這些農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)部門只能轉(zhuǎn)而依靠“地下金融”尋求資金上的解決，農(nóng)村金融市場因此往往被“地下金融”所占據(jù)。七十年代發(fā)源于孟加拉的小額貸款運動，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)在全世界得到推廣，數(shù)以億計的窮人受惠于這種新型貸款與貸款回收方式。目前小額信貸已經(jīng)在很多發(fā)展中國家取得成功，孟加拉和印度尼西亞的小額信貸更是成功中的典范。就我國目前的農(nóng)村金融困局結(jié)合外國經(jīng)驗探討農(nóng)村金融的改革，使金融業(yè)更好服務(wù)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)，對我國的金融深化具有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。