譯文（字?jǐn)?shù) 6684）：

1 引言

煤礦井下或其他地面最嚴(yán)重的危險(xiǎn)是具有著火、爆炸危險(xiǎn)的設(shè)備。這些不經(jīng)常發(fā)生，但是這些可能造成慘重的生命、財(cái)產(chǎn)和礦產(chǎn)儲(chǔ)量的損失，而且小事故太頻繁。煤礦火災(zāi)事件數(shù)量沒有下降，盡管在煤礦環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)和危險(xiǎn)控制方面有了較大的改進(jìn)。這些導(dǎo)致了兩個(gè)問題，第一個(gè)是各種新型材料進(jìn)入現(xiàn)代煤礦，從樹脂和塑料到液體燃料和液壓液；另一個(gè)因素是不斷增加的機(jī)械化程度，許多機(jī)械包含著易燃的液體和物質(zhì)，當(dāng)過熱時(shí)能產(chǎn)生有毒煙霧。在十八世紀(jì)和十九世紀(jì)期間，煤礦火災(zāi)和爆炸導(dǎo)致了巨大的生產(chǎn)損失，人們怪罪到那個(gè)世紀(jì)的工程師和科學(xué)家。盡管在二十世紀(jì)80年代煤礦火災(zāi)仍是一個(gè)迫切需要解決的課題。

煤礦火災(zāi)和爆炸中大部分人之死不是由燃燒和爆炸導(dǎo)致的，而是吸入毒氣，特別是一氧化碳。井下和地面建筑產(chǎn)生的火災(zāi)有兩個(gè)不同點(diǎn)。第一點(diǎn)是距離長(zhǎng)，常常有幾千米，那里的人可能通過充滿煙霧的巷道。第二點(diǎn)是通風(fēng)路線受風(fēng)巷和工作面邊界的限制，風(fēng)流和火的習(xí)性，兩者密切的相互作用。

這些對(duì)于沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人是困難的，包括完全隔離的感覺和迷失的方向時(shí)憑感覺通過長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的充滿煙霧零可見度的風(fēng)巷。在沒有照明的回風(fēng)巷關(guān)閉礦燈不行是一個(gè)很好的訓(xùn)練，即使沒有嚴(yán)重污染空氣的損失。

所以，一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的重要事情是地下開采設(shè)計(jì)和施工全部人員應(yīng)該有關(guān)于預(yù)防和發(fā)現(xiàn)井下火災(zāi)的知識(shí)，以及人員預(yù)警系統(tǒng)，逃亡路線，滅火（消防）方案，有毒氣體，培訓(xùn)，消防訓(xùn)練和對(duì)于火災(zāi)緊急事件迅速反應(yīng)是至關(guān)重要的。在這個(gè)章節(jié)有些討論。

外文原文（字符數(shù) 22591）：

1. Introduction

The most feared of hazards in underground mines or other subsurface facilities are those of fires and explosions. Like airplane crashes, these do not occur often but, when they do, have the potential of causing disastrous loss of life and property as well as a temporary or permanent sterilization of mineral reserves. Furthermore, “near-misses” occur all too frequently .the incidence of min fires appears not to be declining despite greatly improved methods of mine environmental design and hazard control .this is a consequence of two matters .first the growing variety of material that are imported into modern mine workings, varying from resins and plastics to liquid fuels and hydraulic fluids. a second factor is the conations increase in the employment of mechanized procedures, mange of the matching involving flammable liquids and materials that can produce toxic fumes when over-heated .the enormous loss of life due to mine fires and explosions during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries preoccupied the minds of mining engineers and scientists of the time .through the 1980’s, mine fires reemerged as a topic of pressing research need.

The majority of deaths arising from mine fires and explosions are caused, not by burning or blast effects, but by the inhalation of toxic gases, in particular, carbon monoxide. There are two major differences between underground fires and those that occur in surface structures. The first concerns the long distances, often several kilometers that personnel might be required to travel in passageways that may be smoke-filed. Secondly, the ventilation routes are bounded by the confines of the airways and workings, causing closely coupled interactions between the airflows and behavior of the fire.