譯文（字數 3324）：

論美國海關和邊境保護阻止灰色市場產品進口

2012年2月

一、概覽：平行進口

1、什么是平行進口？

平行進口，又被稱為是灰色市場商品，是指在美國境外購買的商標產品通過合法的渠道進口到美國，但是未經美國商標權人許可就銷售的。平行進口商品并不是假冒商標產品，因為這些產品是由合法的商標權人生產、銷售的。但是這些產品可能會按照與美國市場上銷售的同品牌產品的不同的配方制造或者不同的包裝方式而且其最初的銷售目的不是為了銷往美國市場。由于國際間的政策或貨幣之間的差異導致不同地區的平行進口產品的價格不同，這樣區域間流轉平行進口人可以獲得利潤。

2、為何平行進口會引起諸多的問題

有實質上有區別的平行進口對商標權人和消費者都會引起問題。對于商標權人來說，平行進口會導致對美國市場上產品的質量不能得到控制。通常情況下產品會考慮不同區域間的區別，針對消費者銷售適合他們的產品。如果未經授權的外國商標產品銷售到美國，那么商標權人不能確保消費者能購買到針對他們的喜好，也可能不符合美國政府的規定。

外文原文（字符數 11601）：

TRADEMARK OWNER’S GUIDE TO PARALLEL IMPORTS IN THE UNITED STATES

I. Overview: Parallel Imports

A. What are Parallel Imports?

Parallel imports, also known as gray market goods, are branded goods that have been purchased through legal channels outside the United States and imported for sale into the United States without authorization from the U.S. trademark owner. Parallel imports are not counterfeit goods because they have been produced by, for, or under license from the trademark owner. However, they may have been formulated or packaged differently for sale in markets outside the United States and not intended for sale domestically by the U.S. trademark owner. It is possible for parallel imports to be sold for a profit, often at a lower price, than similar goods authorized for sale in the United States because of international pricing policies or currency differences.

B. Why are Parallel Imports a Problem?

Materially different parallel imports are problematic for both trademark owners and consumers. For trademark owners, parallel imports often lead to an inability to control the quality of their goods in the United States. Often products may be tailored to the specific tastes of a particular market. If goods intended for foreign consumers are sold without authorization in the United States, the U.S. trademark owner loses the ability to ensure that U.S. consumers are receiving goods designed for their consumer preferences and potentially to satisfy U.S. governmental regulations. Packaging and instructions may be in a language other than English, and may lack domestic telephone numbers for customer support. In the case of electronic goods, issues may arise with goods manufactured for use in countries with different electrical standards than the United States.