摘要:改革開放以來，尤其是進入本世紀后，我國經(jīng)濟高速發(fā)展。隨著經(jīng)濟不斷發(fā)展，我國乳制品行業(yè)從小到大，由弱變強，乳制品逐漸成為家庭必需品。但是伴隨著乳制品行業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，我國的乳制品質(zhì)量問題也頻頻發(fā)生，乳制品的質(zhì)量安全形勢不容樂觀。本文主要從乳制品規(guī)制的角度出發(fā)，通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)公共規(guī)制在乳制品供應鏈監(jiān)管方面，尤其是原奶采集方面規(guī)制的失靈。運用博弈論，研究了乳制品供應鏈內(nèi)部乳制品企業(yè)與奶農(nóng)之間的博弈，試圖尋求乳制品企業(yè)與奶農(nóng)的“雙贏”。同時通過公共規(guī)制與乳制品供應鏈私人規(guī)制措施的對比，尋找私人規(guī)制在乳制品供應鏈中規(guī)制的優(yōu)勢。研究表明，在乳制品供應鏈私人規(guī)制中，核心企業(yè)通過對乳制品供應鏈上下游的過程干預，有利于降低獲取質(zhì)量信息的成本；供應鏈核心企業(yè)通過與奶農(nóng)的利益協(xié)調(diào)和成本分擔，有利于減少奶農(nóng)的對抗性行為；通過高質(zhì)量乳制品產(chǎn)出對私人規(guī)制者的回報激勵，能夠使私人規(guī)制具有可持續(xù)性和平穩(wěn)性。最后，私人規(guī)制要想完全發(fā)揮作用，必須要有一定的條件：乳制品供應鏈核心廠商的利益協(xié)調(diào)與成本分擔；良好的政策支持環(huán)境；需要明確乳制品供應鏈私人規(guī)制與政府公共規(guī)制的邊界。

關鍵詞：乳制品；供應鏈；私人規(guī)制；公共規(guī)制

ABSTRACT:Since the reform and opening up, especially in this century, China’s economic is in rapid development. With the continuous development of economic, China's dairy industry is from small to large and from weak to strong. Dairy products become household necessities. But with the rapid development of dairy industry, the quality problems of China's dairy products occurred frequently, and the safety situation of dairy products is not optimistic. I research from the point of view of the dairy supply chain in this paper. Through the survey I found that public regulation in the dairy supply chain, especially raw milk acquisition regulatory failure. Using game theory, this article study analyze the game between dairy products and dairy farmers within the supply chain of dairy .And I try to seek a win-win situation of that how dairy product and dairy farmers. Comparison of public regulation and private regulation, I try to identify the advantages of private regulatory supervision in the dairy supply chain. Through Private regulation in the dairy supply chain, the core enterprise can reduce the cost of information with quality intervention on the production process of the upstream and downstream in supply chain. The core enterprise can reduce The behavior of the strategies from the supply chain members through the coordination of interests and cost-sharing with the dairy upstream manufacturers. It is benefit for the core company to make policy be sustainable and stable, because the high-quality dairy products can make the return to private regulatory incentives. At last, in order to make the most of private regulation, there must be certain conditions: The core company in dairy supply chain must be ordination and cost sharing; policy support environment; we also need to clear the boundary of public regulation and private regulation of the dairy supply chain.

Keywords: dairy; supply chain; private regulation; public regulation

　　　乳制品的種類包括很多，如純牛奶、酸牛奶、奶粉、冰淇淋、奶酪等，我們每個人每天會食用其中一種或多種，而且有很大一部分的乳蛋白的營養(yǎng)吸收來自于乳制品。但是由于乳制品的種類十分多，每個類型的乳制品的對原奶的要求不盡相同。因此，某些乳制品企業(yè)出于追求利潤最大化的目的，以次充好或者添加化學添加劑，讓低品質(zhì)的乳制品流入市場，這樣就容易引起乳制品的質(zhì)量問題。近些年的乳制品質(zhì)量安全問題的發(fā)生，就是明證。而乳制品質(zhì)量問題大多是源于奶牛的飼養(yǎng)和原奶的采集階段，即供應鏈的上游階段。對于供應鏈的上游階段，由于資源的限制，公共規(guī)制不能達到理想的效果。本文從乳制品供應鏈的規(guī)制方式出發(fā)，通過對現(xiàn)有的質(zhì)量規(guī)制方式的思考，同時結合我國乳制品行業(yè)的典型案例，對比政府的強制性的公共規(guī)制和乳制品供應鏈的私人規(guī)制的效果，發(fā)現(xiàn)乳制品供應鏈私人規(guī)制的優(yōu)勢，及優(yōu)勢發(fā)揮作用的必要條件。