譯文（字數 3311）：

合同效力來源于合同的無效要素

杜魯，奧耶卡其·威茲德姆·凱撒

摘要

合同的無效要素是指使合同變無效或者可撤銷的技術術語。無效合同中這些無效要素的存在將會削弱合同的效力或者使合同無效。合同的無效要素如：過失、脅迫、虛假陳述、不正當影響和不法行為，這些都是合同效力的決定性因素。他們是一旦形成了，就能夠影響合同效力的各種各樣的因素。它的含義是：當無效要素不存在時，合同的有效性通常是不容置疑的。正是在這樣的背景下，本文仔細研究了合同效力來源于合同的無效要素的相關問題。

外文原文（字符數 9119）：

VITIATING ELEMENTS OF CONTRACT AS A SOURCE OF

CONTRACTUAL VALIDITY

By

Duru, Onyekachi Wisdom Ceazar

Abstract

A ‘vitiating element of contract’ is the technical term for the things which make a contract void or voidable. Vitiating factors in a contract are those factors the existence of (any of) which will cripple or invalidate the contract. Vitiating elements of contract   such as mistake, duress, misrepresentation, undue influence and illegality, are determinants of the validity of a contract. They are the various factors which can affect the validity of a contract once it has been formed. The implication of which is that the validity of a contract is normally unquestioned when vitiating elements are absent. It is against this background that this essay has examined vitiating elements of contract as source of contractual validity.